Aleksander Friedmann's theory compares the expanding Universe with a balloon, he says that the distance between any two spots increases and it cannot be pin pointed where exactly the center lies in a balloon. He means the farther apart the spots are the faster they shall be moving apart and the speed of any two galaxies moving apart is proportional to the distance between them.

He also suggests that the red shift of a galaxy should be directly proportional to its distance from the Earth.  He also asserts that if the matter in the Universe were greater than the critical density, the Universe would expand again infinitely.

While using the second law of the Thermodynamics, Astronomer Lemaitre Georges (Henry) said that if the expansion of the Universe was due to an increase in the disorder of a system and it originated from a singularity of neutrons, this primordial nucleus would then explode where an increase in the entropy of the Universe would be apparent.

I contacted Dr. Raj Baldev, Indian Cosmo Theorist, to give his comments on the views of Lemaitre and Hawking on the expansion of the Universe.

Dr. Raj Baldev said:

It is not the space that is expanding. It is the material of the Universe like stars and galaxies, which according to Lemaitre, is in a disorder state. He was right that the Universe is in a clutter-state.

"Hawking's views were also more or less the same, who felt  "--------- could it be that we are living in a region that just happened by chance to be a smooth and uniform." He realized that the initial state of the Universe was chosen purely at random, which implied that the Universe was in a disorder state," he said.

He added, "Lemaitre and Hawking  probably missed to note the other side of the picture. The Universe, in fact, has never been in a disorder state. The material in the Universe is being organized and so it looks as if the Universe were in a disorder state. The formula of the balloon as explained by Friedmann is partly erroneous and partly right."

However, he says "Stars will remain stable like this for a long time, with heat from the nuclear reactions balancing the gravitational attraction."

Dr. Raj Baldev continued, "The stars and planets created in one Circuit are not affected once they are fixed and their degrees of motion are set like Solar System. This partly matches with the Lemaitre's theory that "stars will remain stable like this for a long time" it is because the Circuit remains more or less static. The movement of certain material other than galaxies remains fixed within and the Circuit cannot expand. If it does, the entire Circuit will collapse."

"So far its expansion is concerned, it does not affect the space since and it (the space)  is eternal, it is not expanding under the formula of the Big Bang theory. The Universe is not expanding at all.  In fact, Galaxies and other fixed stars are shifting from one Circuit to another by the force of dark energy, and it looks as if the Universe were expanding. The galaxies normally re-adjust their gravitational pull, and some of the stars also become disintegrated in this process and fall. 

"It is because they are not yet fixed but are in the process of transportation. Once they are fixed, they do not move apart except moving around their regular orbit.  In addition, the extra material, which is scattered as a result of explosion of big stars like Supernova is also transferred or forced to get away to other Circuits. This also gives the same impression as if the Universe were expanding. It is just a hallucination, Universe is not expanding, and space is unlimited and infinite, only the material/galaxies are being shifted.
 
"There are seven Circuits in total, we are in the first inner circle called 'Close Circuit' having the radius of 100,000 trillions miles. Our next region is 'Deep Circuit' which has the radius of 100,000 sextillion miles (10⁴¹) and the third is 'Broad Circuit' having the radius of 100,000 duodecillion miles (10⁷⁷). Other Circuits are too far away from each other. The last Circuit is 'Free Circuit' which is unlimited and eternal covering the whole space.

"In short, either the galaxies, old and new, look to be in the process of being shifted or they may be revolving within their radius at the rate of 5% per 1000 million years without affecting our 'Close Circuit'.

"The existence of Circuits was confirmed when the scientists recently observed explosion of 4 Supernovae, which occurred several thousand or several billion years away from the Earth.  They say the explosion is not actually occurring at that time. They realized it only when the bright light of the explosion of the Supernovae reached the Earth after 8 billion years traveling at the speed of light before reaching us," Dr. Raj Baldev said.

(To be continued)

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